Guides
Measurement, circuit analysis, mechanical verification and service-methodology references for automotive engineering and diagnostics.
Alphabetical technical index
48V BSG and DC/DC Converter Diagnosis
A diagnostic guide that separates energy flow between the 48V battery, belt starter-generator, DC/DC converter and 12V network.
Air, fuel, ignition and boost interaction
Coordinated management of air mass, fuel quantity, timing and pressure targets when engine load is increased.
Automotive engineering calculation tools
Correct use of units in power-torque, pressure, air-mass, injector-duty, gear-ratio and electrical-load calculations.
Automotive Ethernet
Single-pair Ethernet technologies for cameras, radar, infotainment and centralised vehicle computing.
Automotive SPICE
Assessment of automotive system and software development processes through capability, traceability and continual improvement.
AUTOSAR Adaptive Platform
A platform approach for vehicle computers that require high processing power, service-oriented communication and dynamic software lifecycles.
AUTOSAR Classic Platform
Standardised application components, RTE and basic software layers for resource-constrained, real-time embedded ECUs.
Battery Thermal Management and Chiller Diagnosis
An EV thermal-management guide that correlates cell-temperature spread, coolant flow, valve/pump commands and the refrigerant circuit.
CAN bus fundamentals
Identifiers, arbitration, bit timing, error frames and physical-layer behaviour in multi-ECU communication.
Checksum and integrity control
Error detection, post-write verification and bootloader acceptance conditions in ECU software blocks.
Common-Rail Commanded versus Actual Pressure Diagnosis
A diesel diagnostic guide that separates low-pressure supply, quantity control, high-pressure pump, rail regulation and injector return flow.
Construction machinery electronics
Engine, hydraulic, safety and telematics control in excavators, loaders, dozers, cranes and forklifts.
DAMOS, driver and mappack differences
Scope, reliability and software-version dependency of definition files used to identify calibration areas.
DBC files and CAN signals
How CAN identifiers, bit positions, scaling, units and node relationships become a readable signal model.
Diagnostics over IP (DoIP)
Vehicle discovery, routing activation and transport of UDS messages over IP-based automotive Ethernet networks.
ECU calibration engineering
Measurement-based adjustment of targets, limits and correction tables without rewriting the control algorithm.
ECU hardware architecture
How power input, microcontroller, drivers, communication interfaces and protection circuits work together in an automotive control unit.
ECU software layers
Separation of bootloader, base software, application, calibration and diagnostic responsibilities inside an ECU.
EGT, lambda, knock and rail-pressure safety
Joint evaluation of exhaust temperature, oxygen ratio, knock and fuel pressure under increased load.
Electric vehicle systems
Battery pack, BMS, inverter, traction motor, onboard charger, DC/DC converter and thermal-management architecture.
EV Charging CP, PP and PLC Communication Diagnosis
A structured method for separating Control Pilot, Proximity Pilot, protective earth, PLC communication and the on-board charger when charging will not start.
EV Precharge and Main Contactor Diagnosis
A diagnostic guide that separates contactors, the precharge resistor, DC-link behaviour and control commands during high-voltage system start-up.
Firmware, application and calibration
Why executable code, platform firmware and calibration data must be identified and managed as separate software layers.
First Checks on a CAN Network
A practical diagnostic guide covering first checks on a can network.
Flash, EEPROM, MCU and external flash
How code, calibration, learned values and security-related data are separated across ECU memory areas.
FlexRay architecture
Deterministic time slots, dual channels and fault-tolerant communication in specialised vehicle networks.
GDI High-Pressure Pump Mechanical Drive Diagnosis
A mechanical GDI diagnostic guide covering electrical control, low-pressure supply, pump follower, cam lobe and lubrication condition.
Guide to automotive history in Türkiye
A reading map from the earliest vehicles and assembly industry to local design, exports and electrification.
How an ECU bootloader works
Bootloader logic that validates the application at startup and manages a controlled programming session.
How OBD-II works
Emission-related diagnostics, standard services, readiness monitors, freeze frames and generic DTC behaviour.
How to Find an Engine Code
A practical diagnostic guide covering how to find an engine code.
How to Read a DTC Correctly
A practical diagnostic guide covering how to read a dtc correctly.
How to Validate a Sensor Signal
A practical diagnostic guide covering how to validate a sensor signal.
Hybrid Transmission Separator-Clutch Diagnosis
A hybrid-transmission guide that correlates the electric motor, separator clutch, hydraulic pressure, adaptations and engine transitions.
Hybrid vehicle systems
Energy management across the combustion engine, electric machine, high-voltage battery and power electronics.
Inverter Phase-Current Sensor Offset Diagnosis
A power-electronics method for separating zero-current offset, phase-current imbalance, gate-driver noise and motor winding faults.
ISO 26262 functional safety
Hazard analysis, ASIL, safety goals, architectural mechanisms and verification for automotive electrical and electronic systems.
KWP2000 diagnostics
Keyword Protocol concepts and legacy ECU diagnostic workflows from the ISO 14230 and early ISO 14229 transition period.
Limiters and protection strategies
The system role of torque, speed, temperature, pressure, smoke, knock and component-protection limits.
LIN bus fundamentals
Master schedules, a single-wire physical layer and sleep or wake behaviour in low-cost body electronics.
Microcontroller and memory architecture
The roles of the MCU core, internal flash, RAM, EEPROM emulation and external flash in ECU software.
Modern emissions systems
The roles of EGR, catalysts, DPF/GPF, SCR, NOx and oxygen sensors in closed-loop emissions control.
Modern vehicle sensors
Output and diagnostic classes for pressure, temperature, position, speed, gas, current, radar and camera sensors.
Multimeter and voltage-drop testing
Finding high-resistance power and ground faults under load that continuity tests can miss.
OBD, bench, boot, BDM and JTAG
Comparison of ECU access methods by connection method, scope, recovery options and operational risk.
ODX and CDD diagnostic definitions
Machine-readable modelling of diagnostic services, data definitions, variants and tester behaviour.
OEM ECU software development lifecycle
The path from system requirements and architecture through coding, calibration, integration, vehicle testing and production release management.
OTA and software version management
Remote packaging, dependency control, secure deployment, rollback and fleet tracking of vehicle software.